@deborahh truish! For musicians trained in the "Western art music" tradition, this notation is a lingua franca; for others, it's foreign. And advanced Western-art-music education invariably includes one or more of Italian, German, French, Russian, some others. Even though I didn't get music education that advanced, I could tell you what every one of those Italian words means, and I think that's true of most musicians with handwave roughly my level of experience.

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original post: https://octodon.social/@schmonz/110522865055701723